The crime of treason, historically referred to as ghadar, is considered a serious offense in Egypt because it directly undermines the integrity of public office and threatens citizens’ trust in the State and its institutions. It is punishable by temporary hard labor or imprisonment, in addition to fines, due to its damaging impact on public funds and public confidence.
One of the most prominent historical examples of legislation addressing this offense is Law No. 344 of 1952, which was an exceptional and temporary law enacted to prosecute former officials following the 1952 Revolution. Its provisions were later repealed or replaced by articles contained in current legislation.
Modern Legal Provisions Addressing Conduct Equivalent to Treason
In contemporary legal systems, conduct that would previously have been classified as treason is now addressed under various legal frameworks, including:
The Penal Code: Contains provisions relating to crimes committed by public officials that constitute a betrayal of public office. Examples include:
1- Article 114 of the Egyptian Penal Code: which penalizes any public official who demands or receives unlawful taxes or fees. Some interpretations consider this a form of treachery against citizens.
2- Crimes such as breach of trust, abuse of authority, and damage to public funds, which are punishable under criminal laws in many jurisdictions.
Customs and Tax Laws: These address customs-related and tax-related click here misconduct through detailed provisions on customs and tax evasion.
Anti-Corruption Legislation: Laws combating corruption—especially bribery—cover a broad range of actions that may be classified as treacherous behavior, particularly in the public sector.
State Security Legislation: Laws relating to state security and military penal codes address acts of high treason carried out against the state.